Effect of Past and Current Dental Treatment on Children’s Dental Anxiety Status and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: A Pilot Study

Gül Keskin; Zübeyde Uçar Gündoğar; Mehmet Çiloğlu; Hasan Ulusal; Hasan Gündoğar

doi:10.5152/eurjther.2020.20018

Authors

Gül Keskin Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4569-7174
Zübeyde Uçar Gündoğar Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-5332
Mehmet Çiloğlu Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5709-0607
Hasan Ulusal Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3890-2088
Hasan Gündoğar Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-2689

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjther.2020.20018

Keywords:

Dental anxiety, oxidative stress, dental treatment, anxiety scale

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to detect dental anxiety caused by past and current dental treatment in children using saliva biomarkers and to investigate the correlation between these markers and psychometric analysis.
Methods: A total of 43 children aged 6–13 years were recruited for this study. The participants were divided into two groups: those with dental treatment experience (G1) and those who presented to the dentist for the first time (G2). Anxiety scale data and saliva samples were obtained. Oxidative stress (OS) markers, namely, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI), were analyzed from the saliva samples. After current treatments such as fluoride application or restorative procedures, anxiety scale data, and saliva samples were obtained.
Results: TAC and OSI values were higher in G1 than in G2 at baseline (p<0.05), and anxiety scale values were similar in both groups (p>0.05). After the current treatment, a significant decrease in TAC and OSI values was found in G1 (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in G2. Anxiety scale values were significantly decreased after treatment in G2 (p<0.05). Although a strong correlation was found between baseline TAC, TOS, OSI, and post-treatment TAC and OSI values (p<0.001), no correlation was noted between OS biomarkers and anxiety scale values (p>0.05).
Conclusion: These results suggested a potential relationship between anxiety and OS biomarkers, but additional studies are needed to understand the relationship between dental anxiety and pathophysiological changes in OS biomarkers.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Seligman LD, Hovey JD, Chacon K, Ollendick TH. Dental anxiety: An understudied problem in youth. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 55: 25-40.

Arrow P, Klobas E. Minimal intervention dentistry for early childhood caries and child dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Aust Dent J 2017; 62: 200-7.

Kyle BN, McNeil DW, Weaver B, Wilson T. Recall of Dental Pain and Anxiety in a Cohort of Oral Surgery Patients. J Dent Res 2016; 95: 629-34.

Lin CS, Wu SY, Yi CA. Association between Anxiety and Pain in Dental Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Dent Res 2017; 96: 153-62.

Armfield JM, Heaton LJ. Management of fear and anxiety in the dental clinic: a review. Aust Dent J 2013; 58: 390-407.

Paglia L, Gallus S, de Giorgio S, Cianetti S, Lupatelli E, Lombardo G, et al. Reliability and validity of the Italian versions of the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Subscale and the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2017; 18: 305-12.

Kilinç G, Akay A, Eden E, Sevinç N, Ellidokuz H. Evaluation of children’s dental anxiety levels at a kindergarten and at a dental clinic. Braz Oral Res 2016; 2016; 30: e72.

De Menezes Abreu DM, Leal SC, Mulder J, Frencken JE. Dental anxiety in 6-7-year-old children treated in accordance with conventional restorative treatment, ART and ultra-conservative treatment protocols. Acta Odontol Scand 2011; 69: 410-6.

Esa R, Hashim NA, Ayob Y, Yusof ZY. Psychometric properties of the faces version of the Malay-modified child dental anxiety scale. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15: 28.

Majstorovic M, Morse DE, Do D, Lim Ll, Herman NG, Moursi AM. Indicators of dental anxiety in children just prior to treatment. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2014; 39: 12-7.

Howard KE, Freeman R. Reliability and validity of a faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007; 17: 281-8.

Aschbacher K, O’Donovan A, Wolkowitz OM, Dhabhar FS, Su Y, Epel E. Good stress, bad stress and oxidative stress: insights from anticipatory cortisol reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38: 1698-708.

Giebułtowicz J, Wroczyński P, Samolczyk-Wanyura D. Comparison of antioxidant enzymes activity and the concentration of uric acid in the saliva of patients with oral cavity cancer, odontogenic cysts and healthy subjects. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40: 726-30.

Maciejczyk M, Szulimowska J, Skutnik A, Taranta-Janusz K, Wasilewska A, Wiśniewska N, et al. Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7: 209.

Greabu M, Purice M, Totan A, Spînu T, Totan C. Salivary cortisol-marker of stress response to different dental treatment. Rom J Intern Med 2006; 44: 49-59.

Skutnik-Radziszewska A, Maciejczyk M, Fejfer K, Krahel J, Flisiak I, Kołodziej U, et al. Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Psoriatic Patients: Can Salivary Total Oxidant Status and Oxidative Status Index Be a Plaque Psoriasis Biomarker? Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020: 9086024.

AlMaummar M, AlThabit HO, Pani S. The impact of dental treatment and age on salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels of patients with varying degrees of dental anxiety. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19: 211.

Dhama K, Latheef SK, Dadar M, Samad HA, Munjal A, Khandia R, et al. Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6: 91.

Frijhoff J, Winyard PG, Zarkovic N, Davies SS, Stocker R, Cheng D, et al. Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23: 1144-70.

Marrocco I, Altieri F, Peluso I. Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 2017: 6501046.

Amadeu JK, Lemes AL, Schussel JL, Amenábar JM. Effect of Storage Time and Temperature on Salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity, Total Oxidant Status, and Oxidant Stress Index. Acta Stomatol Croat 2019; 53: 119-24.

Antus B. Oxidative Stress Markers in Sputum. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016: 2930434.

Chen M, Cai W, Zhao S, Shi L, Chen Y, Li X, et al. Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid associated with chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46: 608-22.

Khodaii Z, Mehrabani M, Rafieian N, Najafi-Parizi GA, Mirzaei A, Akbarzadeh R. Altered levels of salivary biochemical markers in periodontitis. Am J Dent 2019; 32: 183-6.

Gregorczyk-Maga I, Celejewska-Wojcik N, Gosiewska-Pawlica D, Darczuk D, Kesek B, Maga M, et al. Exposure to air pollution and oxidative stress markers in patients with potentially malignant oral disorders. J PhysiolPharmacol 2019; 70.

Farah R, Haraty H, Salame Z, Fares Y, Ojcius DM, Said Sadier N. Salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Biomed J 2018; 41: 63-87.

Dodwad R, Betigeri AV, Preeti BP. Estimation of total antioxidant capacity levels in saliva of caries-free and caries-active children. Contemp Clin Dent 2011; 2: 17-20.

AlAnazi GS, Pani SC, AlKabbaz HJ. Salivary antioxidant capacity of children with severe early childhood caries before and after complete dental rehabilitation. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95: 165-9.

Pani SC. The Relationship between Salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Dental Caries in Children: A Meta-Analysis with Assessment of Moderators. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8: 381-5.

Zarban A, Ebrahimipour S, Sharifzadeh GR, Rashed-Mohassel A, Barkooi M. Comparison of Salivary Antioxidants in Children with Primary Tooth Abscesses before and after Treatment in Comparison with Healthy Subjects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18: 3315-8.