Estimation of Salivary and Tissue Nitric Oxide Levels in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Biochemical Study: Salivary and Tissue Nitric Oxide

Rumela Ghosh; Renita Lorina Castelino; Subhas G Babu; Baishwanar Banerjee

doi:10.5152/eurjther.2021.20039

Authors

Rumela Ghosh Ivory dental clinic, Kolkata https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-3554
Renita Lorina Castelino Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nitte University, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-549X
Subhas G Babu Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nitte University, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9383-7886
Baishwanar Banerjee Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS Bhubaneshwar, Odisha https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8810-0396

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjther.2021.20039

Keywords:

Oral cancer, nitric oxide, malignancy, neoplasm

Abstract

Objective: The study was conducted to estimate the salivary and tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels in healthy individuals and subjects with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Methods: In this study, the salivary and tissue NO levels were estimated in 20 healthy subjects and 20 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Results: The mean salivary NO levels in Group I (control group) was 78.59 μM/L (standard deviation=5.91608), while the mean salivary NO levels of Group II (study group) were 115.6765 μM/L (standard deviation=0.9431). The mean tissue NO levels in Group I (control group) was 87.6315 μM/L (standard deviation=1.91631), while the mean tissue NO of Group II (study group) was 172.376 μM/L (standard deviation=0.84774. Conclusion: Our results illustrated that the increase in the NO levels in the saliva is positively correlated with the NO level in tissues; hence, salivary NO level can be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker in OSCC.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Markopoulos AK. Current aspects on oral squamous cell carcinoma. Open Dent J 2012; 6: 126-30.

Singh MP, Kumar V, Agarwal A, Kumar R, Bhatt MLB, Misra S. Clinico-epidemiological study of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A tertiary care centre study in North India. J Oral Biol and Craniofac Res 2016; 6: 31-4.

Jain V, Dharkar D, Nandin H, Jain SM, Verma S, Shinde PH. Various addiction patterns and duration in head and neck carcinoma: an institutional experience from central India. Int J Health Sci Res 2015; 5: 130-35.

Bray, F, Ren J-S, Masuyer, E, Ferlay, J. Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008. Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 1133-45.

Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Estimates of worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer 1999; 80: 827-41.

Bhalang K, Suesuwan A, Dhanuthai K, Sannikorn P, Luangjarmekorn L, Swasdison S. The application of acetic acid in the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 106: 371-6.

Mazeau-Woynar V, Cerf N. Survie des patients atteints de cancer en France: état des lieux. Institut National du, Cancer; 2010.

Yakob M, Fuentes L, Wang MB, Abemayor E, Wong DT. Salivary biomarkers for detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma - current state and recent advances. Curr Oral Health Rep 2014; 1: 133-41.

Berlin NI. Tumor marker in cancer prevention and detection. Cancer 1981; 47: 1151-3.

Prasad G, McCullough M. Chemokines and cytokines as salivary biomarkers for the early diagnosis of oral cancer. Int J Dent 2013; 2013: 813756.

Mishra A, Verma M. Cancer biomarkers: are we ready for the prime time? Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2: 190-208.

Taqi SA. Clinical evaluation of total and lipid bound sialic acid levels in oral precancer and oral cancer. Ind J Med Paed Oncol 2012; 33: 36-41.

Mocellin S, Bronte V, Nitti D. Nitric oxide, a double edged sword in cancer biology: searching for therapeutic opportunities. Med Res Rev 2007; 27: 317-352.

Bentz BG, Simmons RL, Haines GK, Radosevich JA. The yin and yang of nitric oxide: reflections on the physiology and pathophysiology of NO. Head Neck 2000; 22: 71-83.

Ying L, Hofseth LJ. An emerging role for endothelial nitric oxide synthase in chronic inflammation and cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 1407-10.

Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ. Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 184-90.

Wink DA, Hines HB, Cheng RY, Switzer CH, Flores-Santana W, Vitek MP, et al. Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89: 873-91.

Sun Y. Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes and carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 1990, 8: 583-99.

Griess P. Bemerkungen zu der Abhandlung der HH. Weselsky und Benedikt „Ueber einige Azoverbindungen”︁. 1879; 12: 426.

Kesarwala AH, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. Oxidative stress in oral diseases. Oral Dis 2016; 22: 9‐18.

Seven A, Civelek S, Inci E, Inci F, Korkut N, Burcak G. Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters in blood of patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Clin Biochem 1999; 32: 369-73.

Patel RP, McAndrew J, Sellak H, White CR, Jo H, Freeman BA. Biological aspects of reactive nitrogen species. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1411: 385-400.

Bahar G, Feinmesser R, Shpitzer T, Popovtzer A, Nagler RM. Salivary analysis in oral cancer patients: DNA and protein oxidation, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidant profile. Cancer 2007; 109: 54-9.

KA F, Castelino RL, Babu SG, Kumari S, Balan P, Shetty SR, et al. Salivary Nitric Oxide Levels and Buccal Epithelial Cell DNA Damage in Oral Cancer - A Biochemical Study’. NUJHS 2017; 7: 34-9.

Korde SD, Basak A, Chaudhary M, Goyal M, Vagga A. Enhanced nitrosative and oxidative stress with decreased total antioxidant capacity in patients with oral precancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology 2011; 80: 382-9.

Connelly ST, Macabeo-Ong M, Dekker N, Jordan RCK, Schmidt BL. Increased nitric oxide levels and iNOS over-expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2005; 41: 261-7.

Gallo O, Masini E, Morbidelli L, Franchi A, Fini-Storchi I, Vergari WA, et al. Role of nitric oxide in angiogenesis and tumor progression in head and neck cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 587-96.

Gokul S, Patil VS, Jailkhani R, Hallikeri K, Kattappagari KK. Oxidant-antioxidant status in blood and tumor tissue of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Oral diseases. 2010; 16: 29-33.